'Linux'에 해당하는 글 56건

2010.05.18 · main.cpp

extern "C" { void hello(); }
int main()
{
    hello();
}

#include "hello.h"
#include <stdio.h>

void hello()
{
    printf("hello world!!");

출처 : joinc
}

List:       linux-arm-kernel
Subject:    Re: (no subject)
From:       Russell King - ARM Linux <linux () arm ! linux ! org ! uk>
Date:       2006-09-25 14:01:24
Message-ID: 20060925140123.GB6168 () flint ! arm ! linux ! org ! uk
[Download message RAW]

On Mon, Sep 25, 2006 at 03:40:23PM +0200, Tak?cs ?ron wrote:
> Hi, 
> 
> I want to compile a 2.6.18 kernel, but I get the following error:
> 
>   CHK     include/linux/compile.h
>   LDS     arch/arm/kernel/vmlinux.lds
>   CC      mm/page_alloc.o
> /tmp/ccHUQAqC.s: Assembler messages:
> /tmp/ccHUQAqC.s:5477: Error: .err encountered
> make[1]: *** [mm/page_alloc.o] Error 1
> make: *** [mm] Error 2
> 
> What could be the problem here? Thanks for your help!
> 
> ?ron Tak?cs
> 
> p.s.: I am using gcc-3.3.2 and binutil 2.17.

gcc 3.4.3 is the minimum gcc version for the kernel.

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""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
" CSCOPE settings for vim           
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
"
" This file contains some boilerplate settings for vim's cscope interface,
" plus some keyboard mappings that I've found useful.
"
" USAGE: 
" -- vim 6:     Stick this file in your ~/.vim/plugin directory (or in a
"               'plugin' directory in some other directory that is in your
"               'runtimepath'.
"
" -- vim 5:     Stick this file somewhere and 'source cscope.vim' it from
"               your ~/.vimrc file (or cut and paste it into your .vimrc).
"
" NOTE: 
" These key maps use multiple keystrokes (2 or 3 keys).  If you find that vim
" keeps timing you out before you can complete them, try changing your timeout
" settings, as explained below.
"
" Happy cscoping,
"
" Jason Duell       jduell@alumni.princeton.edu     2002/3/7
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

" This tests to see if vim was configured with the '--enable-cscope' option
" when it was compiled.  If it wasn't, time to recompile vim... 
if has("cscope")

    """"""""""""" Standard cscope/vim boilerplate

    " use both cscope and ctag for 'ctrl-]', ':ta', and 'vim -t'
    set cscopetag

    " check cscope for definition of a symbol before checking ctags: set to 1
    " if you want the reverse search order.
    set csto=0

    " add any cscope database in current directory
    if filereadable("cscope.out")
        cs add cscope.out  
    " else add the database pointed to by environment variable 
    elseif $CSCOPE_DB != ""
        cs add $CSCOPE_DB
    endif

    " show msg when any other cscope db added
    set cscopeverbose  

    """"""""""""" My cscope/vim key mappings
    "
    " The following maps all invoke one of the following cscope search types:
    "
    "   's'   symbol: find all references to the token under cursor
    "   'g'   global: find global definition(s) of the token under cursor
    "   'c'   calls:  find all calls to the function name under cursor
    "   't'   text:   find all instances of the text under cursor
    "   'e'   egrep:  egrep search for the word under cursor
    "   'f'   file:   open the filename under cursor
    "   'i'   includes: find files that include the filename under cursor
    "   'd'   called: find functions that function under cursor calls
    "
    " Below are three sets of the maps: one set that just jumps to your
    " search result, one that splits the existing vim window horizontally and
    " diplays your search result in the new window, and one that does the same
    " thing, but does a vertical split instead (vim 6 only).
    "
    " I've used CTRL-\ and CTRL-@ as the starting keys for these maps, as it's
    " unlikely that you need their default mappings (CTRL-\'s default use is
    " as part of CTRL-\ CTRL-N typemap, which basically just does the same
    " thing as hitting 'escape': CTRL-@ doesn't seem to have any default use).
    " If you don't like using 'CTRL-@' or CTRL-\, , you can change some or all
    " of these maps to use other keys.  One likely candidate is 'CTRL-_'
    " (which also maps to CTRL-/, which is easier to type).  By default it is
    " used to switch between Hebrew and English keyboard mode.
    "
    " All of the maps involving the <cfile> macro use '^<cfile>$': this is so
    " that searches over '#include <time.h>" return only references to
    " 'time.h', and not 'sys/time.h', etc. (by default cscope will return all
    " files that contain 'time.h' as part of their name).

    " To do the first type of search, hit 'CTRL-\', followed by one of the
    " cscope search types above (s,g,c,t,e,f,i,d).  The result of your cscope
    " search will be displayed in the current window.  You can use CTRL-T to
    " go back to where you were before the search.  
    "

    nmap <C-\>s :cs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>g :cs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>c :cs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>t :cs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>e :cs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>f :cs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-\>i :cs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>
    nmap <C-\>d :cs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	

    " Using 'CTRL-spacebar' (intepreted as CTRL-@ by vim) then a search type
    " makes the vim window split horizontally, with search result displayed in
    " the new window.
    "
    " (Note: earlier versions of vim may not have the :scs command, but it
    " can be simulated roughly via:
    "    nmap <C-@>s <C-W><C-S> :cs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	

    nmap <C-@>s :scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>g :scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>c :scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>t :scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>e :scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>f :scs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@>i :scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>	
    nmap <C-@>d :scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>	

    " Hitting CTRL-space *twice* before the search type does a vertical 
    " split instead of a horizontal one (vim 6 and up only)
    "
    " (Note: you may wish to put a 'set splitright' in your .vimrc
    " if you prefer the new window on the right instead of the left

    nmap <C-@><C-@>s :vert scs find s <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
    nmap <C-@><C-@>g :vert scs find g <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
    nmap <C-@><C-@>c :vert scs find c <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
    nmap <C-@><C-@>t :vert scs find t <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
    nmap <C-@><C-@>e :vert scs find e <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>
    nmap <C-@><C-@>f :vert scs find f <C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR><CR>	
    nmap <C-@><C-@>i :vert scs find i ^<C-R>=expand("<cfile>")<CR>$<CR>	
    nmap <C-@><C-@>d :vert scs find d <C-R>=expand("<cword>")<CR><CR>

    """"""""""""" key map timeouts
    "
    " By default Vim will only wait 1 second for each keystroke in a mapping.
    " You may find that too short with the above typemaps.  If so, you should
    " either turn off mapping timeouts via 'notimeout'.
    "
    "set notimeout 
    "
    " Or, you can keep timeouts, by uncommenting the timeoutlen line below,
    " with your own personal favorite value (in milliseconds):
    "
    "set timeoutlen=4000
    "
    " Either way, since mapping timeout settings by default also set the
    " timeouts for multicharacter 'keys codes' (like <F1>), you should also
    " set ttimeout and ttimeoutlen: otherwise, you will experience strange
    " delays as vim waits for a keystroke after you hit ESC (it will be
    " waiting to see if the ESC is actually part of a key code like <F1>).
    "
    "set ttimeout 
    "
    " personally, I find a tenth of a second to work well for key code
    " timeouts. If you experience problems and have a slow terminal or network
    " connection, set it higher.  If you don't set ttimeoutlen, the value for
    " timeoutlent (default: 1000 = 1 second, which is sluggish) is used.
    "
    "set ttimeoutlen=100

endif

include/linux/list.h
struct my_list{
	void *myitem;
	struct my_list *next;
	struct my_list *prev;
	};

struct my_cool_list
struct my_cool_list{
	struct list_head list; /* kernel's list structure */
	int my_cool_data;
	void* my_cool_void;
	};

struct list_head
struct list_head
struct todo_tasks{
	char *task_name;
	unsigned int name_len;
	short int status;

	int sub_tasks;

	int subtasks_completed;
	struct list_head completed_subtasks;/* list structure */

	int subtasks_waiting;
	struct list_head waiting_subtasks; 	/* another list of same or different items! */

	struct list_head todo_list;			/* list of todo_tasks */
	};

include/linux/list.h
struct list_head{
	struct list_head *next;
	struct list_head *prev;
	}

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include "list.h"

struct kool_list{
	int to;
	struct list_head list;
	int from;
	};

int main(int argc, char **argv){

	struct kool_list *tmp;
	struct list_head *pos, *q;
	unsigned int i;

	struct kool_list mylist;
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&mylist.list);
	/* or you could have declared this with the following macro
	 * LIST_HEAD(mylist); which declares and initializes the list
	 */

	/* adding elements to mylist */
	for(i=5; i!=0; --i){
		tmp= (struct kool_list *)malloc(sizeof(struct kool_list));

		/* INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tmp->list); 
		 *
		 * this initializes a dynamically allocated list_head. we
		 * you can omit this if subsequent call is add_list() or 
		 * anything along that line because the next, prev
		 * fields get initialized in those functions.
		 */
		printf("enter to and from:");
		scanf("%d %d", &tmp->to, &tmp->from);

		/* add the new item 'tmp' to the list of items in mylist */
		list_add(&(tmp->list), &(mylist.list));
		/* you can also use list_add_tail() which adds new items to
		 * the tail end of the list
		 */
	}
	printf("\n");

	/* now you have a circularly linked list of items of type struct kool_list.
	 * now let us go through the items and print them out
	 */

	/* list_for_each() is a macro for a for loop. 
	 * first parameter is used as the counter in for loop. in other words, inside the
	 * loop it points to the current item's list_head.
	 * second parameter is the pointer to the list. it is not manipulated by the macro.
	 */
	printf("traversing the list using list_for_each()\n");
	list_for_each(pos, &mylist.list){

		/* at this point: pos->next points to the next item's 'list' variable and 
		 * pos->prev points to the previous item's 'list' variable. Here item is 
		 * of type struct kool_list. But we need to access the item itself not the 
		 * variable 'list' in the item! macro list_entry() does just that. See "How
		 * does this work?" below for an explanation of how this is done.
		 */
		 tmp= list_entry(pos, struct kool_list, list);

		 /* given a pointer to struct list_head, type of data structure it is part of,
		  * and it's name (struct list_head's name in the data structure) it returns a
		  * pointer to the data structure in which the pointer is part of.
		  * For example, in the above line list_entry() will return a pointer to the
		  * struct kool_list item it is embedded in!
		  */

		 printf("to= %d from= %d\n", tmp->to, tmp->from);

	}
	printf("\n");
	/* since this is a circularly linked list. you can traverse the list in reverse order
	 * as well. all you need to do is replace 'list_for_each' with 'list_for_each_prev'
	 * everything else remain the same!
	 *
	 * Also you can traverse the list using list_for_each_entry() to iterate over a given
	 * type of entries. For example:
	 */
	printf("traversing the list using list_for_each_entry()\n");
	list_for_each_entry(tmp, &mylist.list, list)
		 printf("to= %d from= %d\n", tmp->to, tmp->from);
	printf("\n");

	/* now let's be good and free the kool_list items. since we will be removing items
	 * off the list using list_del() we need to use a safer version of the list_for_each() 
	 * macro aptly named list_for_each_safe(). Note that you MUST use this macro if the loop 
	 * involves deletions of items (or moving items from one list to another).
	 */
	printf("deleting the list using list_for_each_safe()\n");
	list_for_each_safe(pos, q, &mylist.list){
		 tmp= list_entry(pos, struct kool_list, list);
		 printf("freeing item to= %d from= %d\n", tmp->to, tmp->from);
		 list_del(pos);
		 free(tmp);
	}

	return 0;
}

list_entry()
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) \
	((type *)((char *)(ptr)-(unsigned long)(&((type *)0)->member)))

	((struct kool_list *)((char *)(pos) - (unsigned long)(&((struct kool_list *)0)->list)))

struct list_head
list_entry()
struct foo_bar
boo
(unsigned long)(&((struct foo_bar *)0)->boo)

struct foo_bar
pos
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct foobar{
	unsigned int foo;
	char bar;
	char boo;
};

int main(int argc, char** argv){

	struct foobar tmp;

	printf("address of &tmp is= %p\n\n", &tmp);
	printf("address of tmp->foo= %p \t offset of tmp->foo= %lu\n", &tmp.foo, (unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->foo);
	printf("address of tmp->bar= %p \t offset of tmp->bar= %lu\n", &tmp.bar, (unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->bar);
	printf("address of tmp->boo= %p \t offset of tmp->boo= %lu\n\n", &tmp.boo, (unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->boo);

	printf("computed address of &tmp using:\n");
	printf("\taddress and offset of tmp->foo= %p\n",
	      (struct foobar *) (((char *) &tmp.foo) - ((unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->foo)));
	printf("\taddress and offset of tmp->bar= %p\n",
	      (struct foobar *) (((char *) &tmp.bar) - ((unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->bar)));
	printf("\taddress and offset of tmp->boo= %p\n",
	      (struct foobar *) (((char *) &tmp.boo) - ((unsigned long) &((struct foobar *)0)->boo)));

	return 0;
}

address of &tmp is= 0xbfffed00

address of tmp->foo= 0xbfffed00   offset of tmp->foo= 0
address of tmp->bar= 0xbfffed04   offset of tmp->bar= 4
address of tmp->boo= 0xbfffed05   offset of tmp->boo= 5

computed address of &tmp using:
address and offset of tmp->foo= 0xbfffed00
address and offset of tmp->bar= 0xbfffed00
address and offset of tmp->boo= 0xbfffed00

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